Population aging has become a major demographic change in Nigeria, driven by improvements in healthcare, declining birth rates, and increasing life expectancy. This study examined the sociological implications of population aging in Nigeria, with attention to social policy frameworks and family support systems. The research was driven by the modernization theory of aging, which explained how socio-economic transformation, urbanization, and modernization weakened family structures that historically provided care for older adults. A qualitative research design was adopted, relying on secondary data sources, including scholarly literature, government and policy documents, national demographic reports, and international aging statistics. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that family networks continued to serve as the primary support system for elderly persons; however, factors such as urban migration, economic pressures, and changing cultural values significantly reduced families’ capacity to provide adequate care. The study finds that existing social policies, including pension and healthcare services, remain insufficient to meet the growing needs of the aging population, leaving many older individuals vulnerable to economic insecurity, limited healthcare access, and social isolation. The findings underscored the need for Nigeria to strengthen institutional social protection mechanisms while simultaneously reinforcing community and family-based care structures. The study concludes that Nigeria’s aging population demands stronger institutional support alongside sustained family care. It recommends inclusive pension reforms, improved geriatric healthcare, and community-driven initiatives that reinforce traditional values and enhance the wellbeing of older persons.